الافــــتــــتـــاحــيـــــة

 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

باسمك اللهم نبتدي , وبكتابك القويم نهتدي، وبرسولك الكريم نقتدي . في ظل ساحة علمية يشوبها الكثير من القصور عاني علم الميكروبيولوجي منإجحاف شديد في فهمه وإنزاله منزلة يستحقها وهو العلم الذي أحدث ثورة ما زالت البشرية تجن ثمارها حتى هذه اللحظة في المجالات الطبية والصناعية والزراعية والبيئية , وفتح الباب على مصراعيه لتطور الأبحاث العلمية في شتى المجالات التي تخدم الإنسانية وفي ظل هذا التغييب لشمس العلوم – علم الميكروبيولوجي - ارتأينا أن نحدث فجوة قوية في حائط التهميش لينسل ضوء شمسنا ويدفئ برد ساحة علمية متعطشة للمعرفة , وفي قلب الجمعية المهنية العلمية للميكروبيولوجين جمعت الأفكار و توحدت الجهود ومع أول ضربة على الحائط انبلجت « مجلة الميكروبيولوجي

« Microbiology Magazine كبداية لعهد جديد من المعرفة حيث تهدف هذه المجلة لأن تكون منبر لإعاء صوت العلم الذي لا يكون بمعزل عن الوطن بل خادم له,بأن تكون حلقة الوصل بن باحثينا و أستاذتنا من جهة وبينهم وبن محبي الميكروبيولوجي من جهة ثانية تهدف هذه المجلة لأن تكون معرضاً لنشر المعرفة التي لا تشبع نهم القارئ المثقف المتخصص فقط بل وتصل إلى قلب وعقل القارئ البسيط وتترجم هذا العلم إلى معرفة تعود بالنفع على الوطن و الإنسان. ولإيماننا بأن المعرفة لا تتجزأ وبأن العالم الافتراضي لا يقل أهمية عن عالم الواقع،، قررنا أن نوصل أشعة المجلة حتى أقاصي العالم الافتراضي لذلك سنكون على موعد مع القراء في المجلة الالكترونية على الموقع موقع المجلة الالكتروني:

وكذلك صفحة المجلة على الفيس بوك : في الاخير نأمل من الله عزوجل أن ينفعنا بما علمنا ويعلمنا ما ينفعنا ويجعل هذه المجلة منارة علم و رسالة ابداع.

رئيس تحرير المجلة / أكرم محمد احمد غالب 

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كلمة جمعية الميكروبيولوجيين المهنية العلمية

كلمة رئيس جمعية الميكروبيولوجيين المهنية العلمية

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم و الحمد لله حمدا كثيرا طيبا مباركا فيه احمده تبارك و تعالى حمد الشاكرين و اصلي و اسلم على المبعوث رحمة للعالمين سيدنا محمد الصادق الأمين أما بعد ...

كما هو معلوم فإن المجلات العلمية تحتل مكانة مهمة و مرموقة في المجتمع حيث تسهم في تيسير و سهولة تداول المعرفة بين الباحثين و المعنيين و المهتمين . وللمجلات العلمية أهمية خاصة في الجامعات و مراكز الأبحاث المختلفة حيث تعتبر مؤشر أساسي من مؤشرات قياس مستوى الإنتاجية العلمية و المعرفية . ومن هذا المنطلق فقد كان من الضروري أن يكون لجمعية الميكروبيولوجيين المهنية العلمية في مدينة تعز ـ اليمن  مجلتها الخاصة بها كون الهدف من تأسيسها هو إيصال رسالة علم الميكروبيولوجي والتي تُـرجمت في اسم المجلة الذي وقع اختيارنا له وهو ( Microbiology Magazine ), حيث سنسعى لتوفير كل الإمكانيات الضرورية لاستمرارها و تطويرها لتكون بمثابة النافذة التي يتم من خلالها التعريف برؤية ورسالة الجمعية إلى جانب أهدافها التي تسعى لتحقيقها في الطريق نحو تطوير هذا الحقل من العلوم, وإدراك طبيعة توجه مخرجاته في سوق العمل بما يخدم تقدم النهضة العلمية في الجمهورية اليمنية. كما أننا نطمح من خلال نافذتنا هذه إلى نشر العلم فهو السلاح الحقيقي الذي تعتمد عليه الشعوب في بناء نهضتها.

 وللعمل أيضا على بناء جسور للتواصل وتبادل الخبرات بين الجمعية ومختلف التكوينات والمنظمات المشابه لها سواء على الصعيد المحلي أو الدولي, ولتكون إحدى مصادر المرجعية المهمة للباحثين و مساحة تسجل فيها الانجازات والأنشطة التي تحققها الجمعية, كما أن هذه المجلة ستناقش أيضا مختلف المواضيع المتعلقة بالجوانب الصحية والبيئة والصناعية وغيرها من المواضيع التي تهم كافة شرائح المجتمع بشكل عام ولذوي الاختصاص بشكل خاص فيما يتعلق بطرح الآراء والمشاركة في وضع الحلول ضمن طبيعة مجال الجمعية. و عملاً كذلك على تشجيع البحوث و الدراسات في علوم الميكروبيولوجي و المساهمة في تطوير حركة النشر و الترجمة و فق أسلوب علمي ومنهجي.

أخيرا,, أتمنى أن تنال المجلة إعجابكم وان تكون في المستوى المطلوب لتحقيق الهدف المنشود منها, آملا كذلك في أن تقدموا لنا اقتراحاتكم وآرائكم التي تساهم في تطويرها و إخراجها بالمظهر الحسن شكلاً و مضمونا.

والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,,

________________________

 أ / عامر الشرجبي

رئيس جمعية الميكروبيولوجيين المهنية العلمية ـ محافظة تعز ـ اليمن.

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RESEARCHER:Using of genetically modified strains of Salmonella typhimurium as Cancer Therapy

Using of genetically modified strains of Salmonella typhimurium as Cancer Therapy

Strains of Salmonella typhimurium and other bacteria tend to target tumors and have been used for cancer therapy and as vehicles of gene delivery in enzyme prodrug therapy (1). In previous Gene-Directed

Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (GDEPT) work with a number of reductive prodrugs, including 6-chloro-9-nitro-5-

oxo-5H-benzo [a] phenoxazine (CNOB), it employed S. typhimurium strain SL7838 (sopE and aroA) to deliver the chrR6 gene to tumors. SL7838 is attenuated with enhanced preference for tumor localization, and the chrR6- encoded enzyme (ChrR6) possesses superior capacity to activate reductive prodrugs (2,3). There

are previous studies used other an attenuated strains of S. typhimurium with other cancer prodrugs like CB1954 and 5-fluorocytosine, and success has been observed in vivo, and both are currently undergoing

phase I clinical trials in cancer patients (4). This strategy overcomes the unacceptable side effects of bacterial therapy and uses anaerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria that have been transformed with an enzyme that can convert a non-toxic prodrug into a toxic drug. With the proliferation of the bacteria in the necrotic and

hypoxic areas of the tumor, the enzyme is expressed solely in the tumor. Thus a systemically applied prodrug is metabolized to the toxic drug only in the tumor.

Attenuated invasive S. typhimurium has been reported to infect malignant cells both in vitro and in vivo,

thereby triggering the immune response. Attenuated S. typhimurium has demonstrated successful invasion of melanoma cells that can present antigenic determinants of bacterial origin and become targets for anti-Salmonella-specific T cells. However, better outcomes were achieved after vaccinating tumor bearing mice

with S. typhimurium before intratumoral Salmonella injection (5). Genetically engineered attenuated strains of S. typhimurium expressing murine cytokines have exhibited the capacity to modulate immunity to infection and have retarded the growth of experimental melanomas. Results have suggested that IL-2 encoding Salmonella organisms are superior in suppressing tumor growth as compared to the parental noncytokine- expressing strain (6). A xenogenic DNA vaccine encoding human tumor endothelial marker 8

(TEM8) carried by attenuated S. typhimurium has been reported to generate TEM8-specific CD8 cytotoxic T-cell response after oral administration. Suppression of angiogenesis in the tumors alongwith protection of mice from lethal challenges against tumor cells and reduced tumor growth support the potential of

antiangiogenesis immunotherapy (7).

References:
1. Dang LH, Bettegowda C, Huso DL, Kinzler KW and Vogelstein B: Combination bacteriolytic therapy for
the treatment of experimental tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America 2001, 98(26):15155-15160.
2. Barak Y, Thorne SH, Ackerley DF, Lynch SV, Contag CH and Matin A: New enzyme for reductive
cancer chemotherapy, YieF, and its improvement by directed evolution. Mol Cancer Ther 2006, 5(1):97-103.
3. Thorne SH, Barak Y, Liang W, Bachmann MH, Rao J, Contag CH, Matin A: CNOB/ChrR6, a new
prodrug enzyme cancer chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2009, 8(2):333-341.
4. Luo X, Li Z, Shen SY, Runyan JD, Bermudes D and Zheng LM: Genetically armed Salmonella
typhimurium delivered therapeutic gene and inhibited tumor growth in preclinical models. Proc Annu Meet
Am Assoc Cancer Res 2001, 42:3693.
5. Avogadri F, Martinoli C, Petrovska L, Chiodoni C, Transidico P, Bronte V, Longhi R, Colombo MP,
Dougan G and Rescigno M: Cancer Immunotherapy Based on Killing of Salmonella-Infected Tumor Cells.
Cancer Res 2005, 65(9):3920-3927.
6. Al-Ramadi BK, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, El-Hasasna H, Al-Salam S, Attoub S, Xu D and Chouaib S:
Attenuated Bacteria as Effectors in Cancer Immunotherapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008, 1138(1):351-357.
7. Ruan Z, Yang Z, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen Y, Shang X, Yang C, Guo S, Han J, Liang H and Wu Y: DNA
vaccine against tumor endothelial marker 8 inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth. J Immunother 2009,32(5):486-491. 

By: Fairoz A. N. Al- Wrafy

Polish Academy of Sciences , Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy

Wroclaw, Poland 

*Graduated of TAiz university - science college -Microbiology department 

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Abstract of Masters Thesis

(1)

BIOBUTANOL PRODUCTION FROM AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES AS

SUBSTRATES USING Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC13564)

NAJEEB KAID NASSER AL-SHORGANI

University Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia)Master of Science in Microbiology

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to produce biobutanol by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum

N1-4 (ATCC 13564) from different renewable biomass. The environmental parameters for acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) production of palm oil mill effluent (POME) by C.

saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 were investigated. Various pretreatment procedures

including acidic, alkaline, enzymatic and combination between acidic and enzymatic methods were applied on POME, rice bran (RB) and de-oiled rice bran (DRB) in order to generate more fermentable sugars. This study also investigated the effect of butyric acid addition to the culture of C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 on butanol production. The results show that the best conditions for ABE and butanol production from POME were; sedimented POME, 15% inoculum size, 5.8 pH, 30 ⁰C incubation temperature, zero agitation speed, and in the absence of crude palm oil. Among the pretreatment methods, enzymatic hydrolysis was the most suitable for ABE production from POME which produced the highest ABE productivity of 0.06 g/L.h and 0.043 g/L.h of biobutanol. Further treatment of POME hydrolysate with XAD-4 resin improved ABE production to 4.29 g/L with a yield of 0.29 g/g. For biobutanol, the production improved to 3.09 g/L. Dilute acid pretreatment for RB and DRB produced comparable reducing sugars to enzymatic hydrolysis. Combined hydrolysis of 10% RB resulted in total ABE production of 8.88 g/L with a yield of 0.28 g/g and a productivity of 0.07 g/L.h whereas, the total ABE, yield and productivity obtained from combined hydrolysis of 10% DRB were, 10.51 g/L, 0.40 g/g and 0.088 g/L.h, respectively.

When RB and DRB hydrolysates were treated with XAD-4 resin, the production of ABE

increased to 9.92 and 12.13 g/L, respectively, and ABE yields were also increased to 0.35 and 0.44 g/g respectively. Direct fermentation of 7% sago starch produced 16.65 g/L ABE in which 9.83 g/L is butanol with an ABE productivity of 0.15 g/L.h when supplemented with P2 medium while, only 13.33 g/L ABE was produced when supplemented with TYA medium with an ABE productivity of 0.11 g/L.h. The use of sago starch resulted in the highest concentrations of ABE and biobutanol. The study showed that the addition of 4 g/L butyric acid resulted in the best concentration and 23.51 g/L total ABE was produced containing 17.71 g/L butanol with an ABE productivity of 0.2 g/L.h when TYA medium was used. C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 was also detected to produce butanol in a limited nutrient medium containing glucose and butyric acid. Combination of 10 g/L of butyric acid and 20 g/L of glucose was found to produce 13 g/L of butanol which indicates the importance of the glucose to butyric acid ratio for the enhancement of butanol production. Agro-industrial wastes such as palm oil mill effluent (POME), sago starch, rice bran (RB) and de-oiled rice bran (DRB) have potential value to be used as feedstock for renewable energy production such as biobutanol. 

(2)

Bacteriological Studies on Sludge from Some Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Republic of Yemen

Adel A. S. Al-Gheethi

Abstract of Master Thesis

ABSTRACT

The study conducted to evaluate the capabilities of wastewater treatment plants in reducing the densities of faecal indicators and pathogens in sludge from four wastewater treatment plants at republic of Yemen. Total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC), Fecal streptococci, Salmonella spp. and Shigella sp.as well as heavy metals copper (Cu²⁺), nickel (Ni²⁺)and zinc (Zn²⁺) were investigated. The results showed that the density of FC was higher than the guideline limit recommended by United State Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Class A(<1000 cell/ 100 ml) and Salmonella spp. (<4 cell/25 g). These results suggest a further treatments for the sludge to reduce the density of pathogenic bacteria to meet standards limits of sludge disposal or reuse. Therefore, the effectiveness of storage period, heat treatment (60 and 80^oC) and lime stabilization in reduction of faecal indicators and elimination of pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. The sludge complies with U. S. EPA standards after 6 months of the storage period at 25±2^oC. Heat treatment reduced FC to meet the U.S. EPA standards after 1h at 80°C. Alkaline treatment by lime stabilization could reduce FC density to meet the requirements of U.S. EPA standards for Class A criteria after 24 h and Salmonellaspp. after 120 h. Among 127 bacterial isolates; five bacterial strains identified as Bacillus pasteurii 586S, B. megaterium 1295S, B.subtilis 117S, Pseudomonas cepacia 120S and Staphylococcus xylosus 222W were selected for removal of Ni²⁺ ions and study of biosorption process. Results found that Gram-positive bacteria had more efficiencyin removal of nickel ions than Gram-negative bacteria; dead cell biomass had more biosorption efficiency than living cells biomass. Carboxyl group, amino group and phosphate group play important role in biosorption process. B. megaterium 1295S was selected as most potent cellulase producer among the bacterial species studied. The optimization of CMCase production was 0.4 ml of the bacterial suspension, at 45°C and pH 6.5 for 72 h with citrate phosphate buffer and phosphate buffers. The best cellulosic material for the highest CMCase production was CMC, while mannose was the best carbon source,sludge media induce the CMCase production by B. megaterium 1295S. Among 21 amino acids used as nitrogen source L-hydroxy prolinewas the best nitrogen source for production of CMCase enzyme.

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